HTML5 is World Wide Web Consortium standard for the construction of web applications (including web applications for mobile devices) as opposed to the construction of classical websites.

In practice, HTML5 includes:

• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, now in version 5)
• Cascading Style Sheet (CSS, now in version 3)
• Javascript (standardised as ECMAScript and implemented by most mainstream browsers)

The relevance of HTML5 for mobile development is that the two major smartphone and tablet platforms, namely Apple’s iOS (used on iPhones and iPads) and Google Android, have HTML5 compliant browsers. In fact, both platforms use the same Webkit open source browser engine which means that, say, a web application which works correctly on an Android smartphone is bound to work correctly too on an iPhone. Interestingly both Google Chrome and Apple Safari also use Webkit and, consequently, mobile development can start on, say, Chrome and it is expected that the app, when moved to a mobile device, will behave similarly. This is the actual process we are going to follow during this training.

As a web developer, it is important to always make sure that the HTML, CSS and Javascript are properly validated. This can be done by using the following online validators:

• W3C Markup Validation Service (for HTML)
• W3C CSS Validation Service (for CSS)
• JSLint (for Javascript)

The work to do is to progressively build a webpage such as the one shown above. You should use the latest HTML5 tags (such as header, nav, section, aside and footer) as well as CSS3 to style and format the content.

jQuery Mobile features a lot of advanced user interface elements such as collapsible content and sets, listviews and forms.

The work to do is:

• Make the three French artists collapsible
• Surround the three French artists with a collapsible set and make the first artist expand on load
• Use a listview for the Indian songs and show a back button in the header
• Add a filter to the listviews containing Indian songs
• Add a feedback form (with some server side processing e.g. in PHP)
• Handle swipes and taps appropriately

It is possible to package an existing web application such as the one developed during the training into a native application. One of the ways to do that is to use Apache Cordova, a mobile opensource framework which supports seven mobile platforms: Android, iOS, Blackberry, Windows Phone, Palm WebOS, Bada and Symbian. Adobe Phonegap is derived from Cordova and adds to it additional capabilities like building apps in the cloud.

The work to do is:

• Install the Android SDK, Node.js and Cordova
• Create a skeleton Android application using the cordova command
• Copy the jQuery Mobile application developed during the training to the Android application
• Test the Android application using a real Android device (or the Android emulator)

As we have seen earlier, the major innovation brought by Web 2.0 is that consumers now play a major role in mediating and even shaping the organisation’s communication. A business needs to turn this to its advantage by creating and sustaining a community of fans who can positively relay its brand image.

First listen

It starts first of all by knowing who your fans are, listening attentively to them to understand their concerns, expectations, and desires. A few years ago, companies like Dell and Kodak created a new marketing role: the chief listener.

Though few companies have adopted the job title, many have integrated the notion that having real and direct data about and from their customers is a key to successful online marketing. This includes monitoring customer feedback on all platforms and social networks.

Then, respond

Once you have the feedback, you must do your best to respond. This does not mean that you need to promise things that you will not be able to deliver. Instead, you need to show how hard you are trying. It may include giving a sneak peek at your business from the inside for instance.

In times of crisis, it also includes being able to respond as quickly as possible in as honest a manner as possible in your own words and voice. This means that you establish a direct line of communication with your customers rather than rely on mass media or a PR agency. You reduce the risk of delay as well as misunderstanding and distortion of your message.

Don’t forget to do the following:

• help people by providing useful unsolicited advice
• respond directly to questions
• thank those who express appreciation
• respond calmly and positively to criticism

Identify your best fans

You can motivate fans by congratulating and making regular offers to those who participate actively in your community. Ideally, after some time, fans will become proactive and will act as leaders and ambassadors of the brand by themselves. Successful brands are those who are able to create such a community of fans and sustain it over time.

Good moderation = good ambiance

The role of the community manager is still key as he/she is the one who ensures consistency and sets the tone and ambiance within that community (e.g. cool/relax, humouristic, technical, philosophical, etc.). The social media presence should be constantly monitored and moderation is crucial. A good moderator will not necessarily censor users’ comments (except for obvious breach of the country’s laws). Instead, he/she should be able to take heated comments calmly and provide rational and clear answers.

Work to do

Review your company’s social media presence with particular attention to your Facebook page. How could you improve your online communication and create positive communities of fans?

In this age of information overload, it is important to use efficient engagement techniques to prevent users from forgetting you. Here is a list of possibilities.

Games

People love games!

Of course, people only play good games and they tend to do this for many reasons: pleasure, competition, rewards (e.g. badges). Some people are even ready to pay in order to play.

Imagine creating your own game on Facebook and making it become successful. This can be very beneficial for branding, obtaining leads and even promoting your products through custom ads.

In addition to games, there is a tendency towards serious apps adopting gamification techniques. This is true for local apps (say, showing things happening nearby), apps for healthcare and for education, among others.

Do not hesitate to contact us for creating your own Facebook apps.

Contests

Contests are also a good way to drive user engagement. Contests which work well are those which allow participants to upload their own user-generated content e.g. images, videos, etc.

It is also possible to create a contest where users are asked to complete a challenge and reward those who win with interesting prizes. In the picture above, you can see such a contest that we created for QBL. The idea was to show different pictures to the Facebook user and ask him/her to count the number of Mountain Dew bottles in each of them. Winners were rewarded with prizes.

Other ways to drive user engagement

Money is a scarce resource. Allowing people to save money is a good way to drive user engagement online. There are various mechanisms for doing so. For example, an organisation with a Facebook page can reward regular fans with coupons or early notice of upcoming promotions. It is also possible to ask fans to tell all their friends that they are visiting a certain shop and reward them with gifts, discounts, etc.

Another way to increase user engagement is to create a question of the week and/or create polls. People like to respond to challenges. Human beings like to brag… when they win.

Work to do

Conceptualise a game which is relevant to your target audience and which will drive user engagement on your Facebook page.

Copywriting is the art of writing for a purpose. As such, you first need to know who is your target (audience profiles) and what outcome you hope to achieve with them (inform, influence, persuade, sell). During a previous session, you outlined a list of personae which you need to target for your product.

This will allow you to determine what type of content you need to produce for them as well as the format, language and level of technical detail which will be most appropriate for each target. You should also think about the keywords which need to appear in your copy to attract their attention.

Focus on benefits, not features

Focus on the benefits rather than on the features of your product. What will your audience gain from using it? Will it make their life easier or better? Will they save time or money so that they can do other things? Will they become better persons? How can your product fulfill your customers’ needs? Of course, you need to be careful not to overpromise!

Once you have determined the type of content, pay attention to the structure of your copy. The techniques which we usually learn about in school or at university for writing academic papers do not apply. For instance, for academic writing, we are taught that we need to structure our copy in the following way:

• Introduction to general context
• Idea or argument #1
• Idea or argument #2
• Idea or argument #3
• …
• Conclusion

But, this can be very boring and off-putting. And in business, you cannot afford this. You want to write for impact and thus need to grab the attention of your readers right from the start. Especially in this age of abundance of information and scarcity of time. People do not want to waste time going through your copy to find the key points.

Using the inverted pyramid

You need to adopt the method of the inverted pyramid for structuring your copy. This is used extensively in journalism. It consists of putting the most important information at the top and providing multiple visual entry points to facilitate skim reading. You should use headings and sub-headings, a lead paragraph and illustrations.

The length of sentences should vary with a preference for shorter ones. Headings and body copy must be concise and clearly expressed in plain and objective language. In his essay Politics and the English Language, George Orwell advised that we use shorter words, cut out unnecessary ones and use the active voice when writing.

The power of images

Visual elements are powerful tools to grab attention, illustrate your message and even replace words. These can be in the form of pictures (drawings and photos), charts or videos. You can use stock images if you do not have your own photos but you should ensure that the content is relevant to your target audience (for example in terms of people and environments featured) and does not infringe copyright.

It is very important to pay attention to the layout and use of space. Many people tend to want to use as many colours as possible but this can be very tiring for the eyes. There should be harmony in the use of palettes as well as in the use of typography.

The urge is also to cram in as much information as possible. As a result, visitors do not know where to look and become confused. White space helps as it provides visual breathing room for the eye by providing breaks from text or graphics. It also helps make important information really stand out. An example of a page which uses white space can be seen on the Mauritius Vibrations website, a mobile app to stop you feeling bored in Mauritius.

Finally, if you want to create leads for your sales, you need to include a call to action (CTA) to provoke an immediate reaction. Use active verbs such as sign up, subscribe, call, buy, donate, etc. Sometimes you have to offer a little extra (discount, entry in a competition, a free gift) in order to create a sense of urgency.

Work to do

Write a post which targets one persona profiled for your product. Ensure it provides valuable content from the point of view of this audience. Illustrate the post with an appropriate image.

When starting with Digital Marketing and Social Media, it is tempting to just create content and post them as soon as possible without any planning. Sure, this is better than doing nothing but, sometimes, engagement can be low. One reason, of course, might be the quality of the content. But another reason might be that people didn’t see the post because, well, they weren’t using their smartphone or computer when the post was published.

Scheduling posts at appropriate times is important in order to have maximum impact. Interestingly, people visit different social networks at different times. In fact, a lot of studies have been carried out on this subject and they are sometimes contradictory.

Nothing beats testing and relying on your own observations to decide when to post.

But here are some guidelines for the most popular social networks:

• Generally people do not access Facebook at work. Most of them do so at home and 6pm-8pm might be an effective time to engage with them. Some studies show that people tend to be more present on Facebook at the end of the week. Friday at 3pm (just before they leave work) might be a good time to engage with them. During the week-end, Facebook is accessed more regularly.
• LinkedIn, being a social network for professionals, tends to be used at work. The most effective engagement period is around noon when people are having lunch and have some time to browse.
• Twitter is more often accessed through mobile devices — only a few of us use the Twitter website. Effective engagement times are around noon and from 6pm to 8pm.

Using interesting photos in a post generate higher engagement. More and more people are using mobile devices so keeping things short and simple is not a bad idea.

For those who intend to post regularly, a tool such as Buffer might be useful. In essence, Buffer allows you to queue your content which is then shared on social media at specific times as decided by yourself. Doing the same thing manually is also possible but can be error-prone.

Online advertising

Even though there are studies which show that people tend to ignore ads when they browse, ads can still be effective if designed properly and are not overly pushy (help before selling!).

Online advertising is currently synonymous with Google AdWords and Facebook Ads. Other advertising networks exist but are used less frequently.

Google advertisements can appear at two different places: on search results pages and on partnering websites (which Google call its partner network — this includes YouTube). Google AdWords is a complex web application which enables a digital marketer to create campaigns (with set budgets), ad groups (which share the same set of keywords) and both text and graphical ads at various dimensions. Reporting facilities are extensive and, with some experience, it is possible to have ads which are effective yet do not cost a lot. It is possible to use Google Web Designer to create animated ads.

Facebook ads appear in Facebook and can be used to promote a page, a specific post on a page or a website. Facebook ads appear to specific demographics (e.g. based on sex, age, interests, existing relationship with your organisation, etc.) In Mauritius, as people tend to spend a lot of time on Facebook, having ads there can be very beneficial if proper targeting is done. It is better to restrict views thanks to better targeting than having a lot of views with no engagement.

Recently, Facebook has stopped flooding people with posts from their friends or from pages they like. Posting in a Facebook page will only generate a few views. The only effective way to make more people aware of the post is to promote it.

Work to do

Create an account in Buffer (if you do not already have one) and explore it. Pay special attention to the scheduling part. Comment on its usefulness for your organisation.

Explore Google AdWords and Facebook Ads. Create campaigns, ad groups, ads. Decide on keywords and demographics. What kind of budget should be allocated to online advertisement?

Although Facebook is currently number one in terms of reach and use, other social networks are also worth exploring as people engage on new platforms according to their interests and profiles.

LinkedIn targets mostly people from the professional world and is thus very interesting for those who are in the B2B market and also for spotting new talents. Like on Facebook, one can create a personal profile, a company page or a group. The LinkedIn groups can be very interesting if you know how to choose which ones to participate in and invest time to boost your group contribution level. These can help you significantly increase your credibility within a professional circle.

Twitter is a very good example of a network of interest as relationships do not need to be reciprocal. The inclusion of photos or videos in tweets tends to attract more attention. Tweets cannot exceed 140 characters in length and thus have to be to the point. Link shorteners such as Bitly are useful to keep your tweets short and also to provide statistics on clicks.

YouTube, the most popular video sharing website which is owned by Google, is also a powerful social network. It attracts all kinds of audiences: people wanting to entertain themselves, people who want to learn new things and people who have created videos themselves and are looking for an audience.

Pinterest is described as a visual discovery tool. Users create and share collections of pictures related to their projects or products they like on boards called “Pins”. Most of the users of this social network are women who like to pin pictures of fashion and home-related products, recipes they love as well as trips and events.

Instagram is used to share, like and comment on photos and videos. It enables its users to apply digital filters to their pictures and share them on a variety of social networking services. The service, which was acquired by Facebook in 2012, is increasingly being used by young people.

Other interesting social networks include Google+ (Google’s social network in which people organise their connections within circles), Snapchat (photo and video messaging application which allows users to set a time limit for how long recipients can view their snaps) and Tumblr (a microblogging service used by a lot of young people).

Work to do

Use the ‘Find a group’ facility in LinkedIn to identify an interesting group to participate in. Explore the Twitter user interface and the Tweetdeck service to determine how Twitter can be useful for your business.

If you had to create videos on YouTube, say which type? How would you proceed to do that? What kind of equipment would you need? Another possibility is to only share existing videos. Discuss on the effectiveness of both techniques.

Facebook was created by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes in 2004. Since then, it has become the #1 social network on the planet with more than 1.28 billion monthly active users in March 2014.

Facebook has created quite a lot of controversies since its inception mainly due to privacy issues and concerning the ownership of content created by its users. Another issue is that it is dangerous to rely only on the availability of free access to Facebook to build a business and/or a marketing strategy. For example, Facebook was blocked for one day in Mauritius and this can happen again.

Differences between profiles, pages and groups

Facebook allows users to create profiles, pages and groups (as well as apps, lists, events, etc.)

Facebook mandates that a profile should belong to a real person. A page is for a real entity (an organisation, a business, an association, etc.) and should be created by an official representative. Groups, on the other hand, are informal networks of people who are gathered around a common theme.

One important thing is to pay attention to privacy settings. For profiles, go to Settings, then Privacy and make sure you understand the “Who can see my stuff?” part. In particular, “Who can see your future posts?” can be either:

• Public
• Friends
• Custom: shared to specific lists

For pages, check the following:

General:

• Posting ability
• Post visibility
• Tagging ability

Page Roles:

• Admin
• Non-admin users

It is never a good idea to completely outsource your Facebook marketing. To have a real conversation with a potential (or existing) customer, one requires an insider’s knowledge of your business. This ensures that responses are made quickly and are accurate.

Once you have created a page on Facebook and started creating interesting content, you need to grow your audience. This can be done in different ways:

• Invite your friends
• Promote page (using ads)
• Promote posts published on the page (using ads)

Facebook also allows for ads which link to your website.

The importance of graphics

A picture is worth a thousand words as you already know. A post on a page can become more effective with an interesting image.

Using free graphical tools such as Gimp or by using commercial software such as Photoshop, a digital marketer can comfortably:

• Adjust the colorimetry of a picture
• Crop, resize and sharpen images

Facebook requires cover images to be 851 x 315 pixels while profile pictures are 180 x 180 pixels automatically cropped (and not resized) to 160 x 160 pixels. Stock images can be purchased or downloaded for free from websites such as Flickr. Google Image Search is also useful.

Linking to your website

Remember that your own website is also a powerful marketing tool and that you need to channel traffic towards this asset, in order to increase conversion. Thus, if you are using ads on Facebook with links to your website, you need to create effective landing pages that:

• have an attractive design to grab attention
• are relevant to the customers being targeted
• motivate potential customers with an effective call to action

You can motivate people by giving out a lot of useful content and free advice, for example, in the form of podcasts, videos, white papers, case studies, etc. You will not be getting high return on investment immediately from direct conversion but as Seth Godin noted: “You can use social media to turn strangers into friends, friends into customers, and customers into salespeople.”

Work to do

In the previous topic, you identified specific personae corresponding to specific target audiences. For each Facebook persona, create a post you believe will have maximum impact. Pay special attention to the title, the body text as well as the images used. If driving traffic to your website, assume you already have a relevant landing page.

Identify an existing group on Facebook where there are people who might be interested in your product. Read existing posts to understand what they really need and whether you are in a position to help them. What kind of posts would be more effective in this group for helping you increase your visibility and credibility?

There are two different types of social networks: networks of friends and networks of interest.

Facebook is typically a network of friends where people generally create a profile and invite people they know personally to become their friend. Consequently, Facebook is a very good means to keep in touch with people you already know but it is quite lousy for doing business with new customers. Realising this, Facebook introduced pages which are quite similar to profiles in look but which work differently. A page is a means to build a network of interest within Facebook. A network of interest is, of course, a group of people having a certain interest in common but who are not really friends i.e. typically people interested in a product or a service.

Twitter, unlike Facebook, has been designed from the ground up to be a network of interest. Following someone on Twitter does not need to be reciprocal and, as such, one can follow anyone. For example, it is quite simple to follow very well-known CEOs on Twitter but it would be quite impossible to become their friend on Facebook.

The special case of Facebook

Despite its shortcomings, mostly privacy-related, Facebook is the #1 social network on the planet. This is true also in Mauritius where about 400,000 of us have a profile and routinely use Facebook to communicate but also to discover new products and services.

Facebook Audience Insights is a powerful tool which gives detailed information about the various demographics on Facebook. From Insights, we understand that Facebook has:

• 400K – 450K monthly active people in Mauritius
• that half of them use both desktop computers and mobile devices
• that they only moderately interact (through comments, likes and clicks on ads)
• etc.

Beyond Facebook

There are some signs that certain demographics, especially young people, are adopting other social networks (now that their parents are on Facebook!). The rise of interest-based social networks such as YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram and Snapchat is visible, even in Mauritius.

Consequently, the exact social network to use in order to reach out for a certain demographics will vary. Facebook is still a very important social network, especially in Mauritius, but if an organisation wants to reach women then, maybe, Pinterest might be a good alternative. An audience of marketing executives might be easier to reach through LinkedIn.

Work to do

Choose a specific product you would like to promote, decide upon 3-4 specific demographics you would like to reach, profile these audiences as thoroughly as possible and, consequently, determine which social network is the most appropriate.

When profiling, answer the following questions for each persona:

• Brief description
• Information he/she needs
• His/her interests
• His/her skills
• His/her assumptions